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Three Stresses campaign
The "Three Stresses" campaign () was an ideological rectification campaign among Communist Party members in China. The initiative was formally launched in 1998 by then-Communist Party General Secretary Jiang Zemin, and its name refers to the need to “stress study, stress politics, stress righteousness” (''jiang xuexi, jiang zhengzhi, jiang zhengqi''). The campaign was intended to strengthen discipline within the Communist Party and consolidate support for Jiang Zemin.〔Jia Hepeng, (‘The Three Represents Campaign: Reform the Party of Indoctrinate the Capitalists?’ ), The Cato Journal (2004).〕 During the campaign, which spanned from late 1998 to 2000, senior staff within the government, military, party offices, universities, and state and private enterprises were required to spend several weeks engaging in political study and self-criticism sessions with the goal of improving unity and enhancing loyalty to the Communist Party.〔Erik Eckholm, (Likely to Be a Best Seller in China: It's No Mystery ), New York Times, 1 June 2000.〕 According to a retired official cited in the New York Times, Jiang also hoped to use the campaign to "identify loyal, promising officials for future leadership positions."〔
The initiative was only the second major party rectification campaigns launched since the death of Mao Zedong (the previous campaign having begun in 1983).〔Joseph Fewsmith, (“CCP Launches Campaign to Maintain the Advanced Nature of Party Members” ), China Leadership Monitor, No. 13.〕
==Background==
China’s embrace of a market economy and the dismantling of the Marxist-Leninist system in the 1980s and 1990s precipitated a deterioration in ideological unity and purpose within the Communist Party. Moreover, the party was facing a variety of internal and external challenges, including but not limited to growing crime and corruption, income disparities, weakening central government control, and calls for political liberalization.〔
In order to address these challenges, the Communist Party leadership under Jiang Zemin sought to adapt and redefine the official ideology to meet changing circumstances, while stressing the continued importance of loyalty to party. Andrew Nathan and Bruce Gilley write that the campaign served another purpose: if Jiang Zemin wished to have a lasting impact on the Communist Party itself, “he had to come forward with a new conception of its mandate and its basis for action.”〔 To that end, Jiang enunciated a number of new approaches and slogans in the early and mid-1990s.〔Andrew Nathan and Bruce Gilley, “China's New Rulers: The Secret Files,” (New York, NY: New York Review Books, 2003), pp 190 - 192.〕 The earliest proposals for the Three Stresses campaign emerged in 1995, when Jiang began proposed an ideological rectification campaign urging party leaders to “stress politics.”〔 The idea initially met with opposition within the party; Qiao Shi and Li Ruihuan, in particular, viewed the proposal as a means of self-aggrandizement.〔 In 1998, following the forced retirement of Qiao Shi, Jiang proceeded to roll out the three stresses campaign, which leadership hoped would stave off atrophy and decay within the party.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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